Hokule’a’s Symbolic Wake Essay Example for Free

Hokuleas Symbolic Wake EssayIn 1976, the Hokulea began her beginning(a) voyage from Hawaii to Tahiti as little more than a double-haul boat with an astoundingly religious construction. Though her size can be compared to just that of one of the bigs life boats (at just 60 feet), her message is much more profound and the cultural path significant indeed. To the people of Hawaii, the building of a canoe isnt just woodwind instrument, sweat, and able axe work. In fact, thats the least of what comprises the construction of a voyaging canoe. Turns out, for Hawaiians, the building of such a canoe like the Hokulea is a deeply religious experience and is only attempted by become the best builders who recognize the creed that every canoe began with a prayer and a dream (Friends of Hokulea and Hawaiiloa). As the story goes, before the canoe builder began he original prepared a pig, a red fish and a black fish and offered them to the gods (Friends). After that, the carver went home an d invited dreams in his sleep. If the dreams were good he would go to the forest the next day. But if they were unfavorable, a tree would non be cut (Friends).It is through this experience, every time a canoe is to be built, that the Hawaiians believe the canoe gains its spirit. And without this ritual, the canoe would be little more than wood floating on water and a significant part of the culture would be lost. It is that very fear that prompted the establishment of the Friends of Hokulea and Hawaiiloa in 1996 by master canoe builder, Wright Bowman Jr. , who was concerned that the art of canoe building would be lostand to ensure that the traditional canoe building skills be made friendly to any who are interested in learning (Friends).Originally, the Hokulea was set out on a mission to prove that there was much to interpret in and around Polynesia and has in the past thirty one years visited as far as New Zealand and Easter Island (Honolulu Advertiser). Her first trips could be compared to that of Christopher capital of Ohio because though they were not backed by the crown and the Hawaiians had a much better sense of direction, the motive for discovery was fueled by the interests. That to know and understand the seas around them. In truth, Polynesia began with the voyaging canoe.More than three thousand years ago, the uninhabited islands of Samoa and Tonga were settled by a seafaring people (Friends). Moreover, using only smooth voyaging groups in canoes, they continued to discover in the alto arrayher lands as they explored eastward. Long before ocean exploration by Europeans, the early Polynesians had mastered boat building and glide (Friends). And, in an ironic twist, while the Hokulea may be considered a deeply religious masterpiece, she is nearly completely modernized and outfitted with a navigational system laughed at and rejected by European analysts (Honolulu Advertiser).It could be concluded, here, that while the Europeans believed they had th e golden ticket to sea discovery, the Polynesians (and modern Hawaiians) had an innate sense and skill for the use as come up. Hawaiians kept the culture of boat building firmly within their veins, and like any other people with a successful history, used the equal methods of travel to do so, even initiating the growing mission of the Polynesian Voyaging Society, now altered from one of discovery to education as they now use the canoe as a platform to excite Hawaiis children about learning about their environment and culture (Friends).The deep history of the Hokulea helps build this platform as well as any cultural epicenter of a civilization, but the fact that the canoe remains on the open water (barring hurricanes or nasty tsunamis, of course) serves to bear on the desire to retain the Hokulea as a cultural icon better than any fireside fable ever could. In fact, a new canoe was even born from the craftsmanship and lore of the Hokulea, the Hawaiiloa, in 1991 which demonstrated , on a spiritual and traditional level, the profound importance of the Hokuleas first voyage.It is said that these magnificent canoes tell the story of the lives and travels of the crewmembers and builders who worked them. The spiritual power, mana, of the canoes is preserved with the skilled hands of master canoe builders (Friends). The Hokulea has even done much for pioneering programs to get children interested in education, navigation, and sea discovery through the efforts of the Polynesian Voyaging Society (Honolulu Advertiser).In the last few years, programs like the non-profit Aloha Medical Mission have combined forces with the Polynesian Voyaging Society to bring healthcare to Micronesia (KHNL 8). Moreover, if the Hokulea continues to voyage across the seas in discovery and efforts of education, only the spirit of the canoe could forecast at the cultural symbolism left in her wake. What began as a voyaging expedition three thousand years ago can now be seen as one of the si ngle most religious and cultural experiences of Hawaii as the Hokulea spreads her mast and travels the islands with the ease of any modern European vessel.Works CitedFriends of Hokulea and Hawaiiloa. Our Legacy. Accessed June 14, 2007. http//fhh-hawaii. org/legacy. shtml Honolulu Advertiser. Hokulea Forced to Delay Voyage. News, August 30, 2003. http//the. honoluluadvertiser. com/article/2003/Aug/30/ln/ln09a. html KHNL 8. Hawaii Doctors Partner with Hokulea, Bringing Healthcare to Micronesia. News, February 19, 2007. http//www. khnl. com/Global/story. asp? S=6104556

Nursing in the Community Essay Example for Free

Nursing in the Community EssayIn this assignment the topics discussed is a nursing problem related to a medical diagnosis taking from an example of a forbearing dealt with while the nursing student was out on clinical placement. For this assignment the patient has a diagnosis of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Kevin Brophy (pseudonym) is a 9 year old boy that had come into the Paediatric Unit. He is of the Roman Catholic religion. He lives with only his generate and she is educated about his disease of Diabetes. His mothers sister is a nurse likewise and knew how to manage his Diabetes and looked after him if his mother was busy. The multidisciplinary team have been treating him for the groom for 4 years. He gets hospitalized often to regulate his telephone line sugar levels and monitor his insulin intake. The nursing problem associated with his diagnosis is related to his diet and nutritional status and universe able to monitor these with caution and ease. The nurse had a for m for filling out what had he eaten that day and what time this had happened at in the end of undersurface chart which was with his other documentation such as his vital signs and also the fluid balance intake and widening chat.There was also a surgical incision in this form for documenting what level his blood sugars were and was directed to take record of them after every meal. The nurse then had an ideaof what sort of food he was eating and also a report of his blood sugars which were monitored closely throughout the day. The nurses primary responsibility was to ensure this boy was eating correctly and following the dietetic guidelines of a Diabetic patient. The model of assessment/c be used to treat Kevin was devised from Roper, Logan and Tierney (1980). The Roper, Logan and Tierneys activity of living (AL) model of nursing consists of twelve activities of living. According to Aggleton Chalmers (2000 P46), from each one AL specifies a relatively distinct type of human behav iour related to meeting a particular need.Information was obtained from a booklet containing facts and advice on Diabetes and Healthy Eating from the Department of Health and Dietetics in Waterford Regional infirmary. This has described diabetes as a condition where the body is unable to control the amount of glucose i.e. sugar in the blood. Everyones blood has some glucose in it because your body needs glucose for energy. Normally your body breaks food down into glucose and sends it to the bloodstream. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps to get the glucose from the bloodstream into the cells to be used for energy. In people with Type 2 Diabetes, the pancreas is not making enough insulin or is unable to use the insulin powerful, or both. In people with Type 1 Diabetes, the pancreas is unable to make insulin full stop. Without insulin in the body, the blood glucose rises (Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Waterford Regional Hospital 2006). To manage diabetes in paed iatrics is primarily challenging and much to a greater extent complicated than dealing with the diagnosis in adults with Diabetes (DH Diabetes Policy Team 2007, Christie et al 2009).Nurses have to educate and facilitate the self management of Diabetes and also introduce skills to gain the best possible control over the patients blood sugars i.e. glycaemic control. If these skills are not executed properly then diseases such as micro-vascular e.g. nephropathy or retinopathy or cardiovascular diseases (macro-vascular), which decreases the quality of animateness and a reduced life span (The Diabetes ascendance and Complications consider Group,1994). The nurses and patients responsibility is to monitor and control the intake of food and also be educated on what can have a negative or unequivocal effect on the body. This is a major nursing problem associated with the Diabetic patient andintervention by the nurse is necessary throughout. In doing so, the nurse must follow the Nursin g Process in relation to their diet. AssessmentPatients diagnosed with type 1 Diabetes are assessed for signs of Diabetic Ketoacidosis, including ketonuria, Kussmaul respirations, orthostatic hypotension, and lethargy. The patient is asked about symptoms of DKA, such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Laboratory results are monitored for metabolic acidosis (i.e. decreased pH and decreased bicarbonate level) and for electrolyte imbalance. If the patient exhibits signs and symptoms of DKA, the nursing care first focuses on treatment of these cracking complications, as outlined earlier. Once these complications are resolving, nursing care then focuses on long-term management of diabetes. The patients emotional status is assessed by observing his or her general demeanour (e.g., withdrawn, anxious) and body language (e.g., avoids eye contact). The patient is asked about major concerns and fears about diabetes this allows the nurse to assess for any misconceptions or misinformatio n regarding diabetes. The nurse is also assessing the vital signs of the patient such as temperature, respiration, blood pressure etc. and develops a baseline of these results. In this case the patients normal vital signs were as follows Temperature- 36.4, squanderer Pressure- 114/70, Respiration rate- 18 breaths per minute.Nursing DiagnosisBased on the assessment data, the main diagnoses the nurse must adhere to are as following attempt for fluid volume deficit in relation to polyuria and dehydration, imbalanced nutrition related to imbalance of insulin, food, and physical activity. The main ones that are focussed on in this essay are the imbalance of insulin and the patients diet.PlanningThe major goals for the patient may include maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance, optimal control of blood glucose levels. The nurse would intent suitable charts and regimes for the patient to follow. Intake andoutput are measured. IV fluids and electrolytes are administered as prescri bed, and oral fluid intake is encouraged when it is permitted. resilient signs are monitored hourly for signs of dehydration (tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension) along with assessment of breath sounds, level of consciousness, presence of oedema, and cardiac status. If the patient agrees with the diet plan and increases his fruit and vegetable intake this can highly optimise nutritional health, promote a healthy image and reduce the chances of obesity (Lock et al., 2005). In Diabetes, diet is a master(prenominal) obstacle in the control of the condition (Watson et. al 1997). The patients goals in agreeing with a healthy diet for their Diabetes are as follows 1) To regulate and reassert lipid levels and blood glucose back to their normal state. 2) To avoid fluctuations in their blood glucose levels during the day. 3)To manage and control a desirable body weight. 4) To prevent or parry the growth or advancement of renal, neurological or cardiovascular difficulties (Watson et. al 1997). The nurse should introduce a dietary plan for the patient with the Diabetes. This controls the amount of calories that are needed for each day and the magnitude of these calories to be assigned to carbohydrate, protein and lipids. This is determined by a persons age, weight, gender, activity and their dietary intake beforehand they discovered the disease. In general, the amount of targeted calories allocated to each food type is in the region of 50-60% carbohydrate, 10-15% protein and under 30% of fat (Rees and Williams,1995). In the diet, the concentrated sugars should be purely limited e.g. sweets, jam, cake, and should only represent a minute part of a meal to prevent rapid increase in the blood sugar levels. The gross carbohydrates such as whole-meal bread, fruit and vegetables, and also fibre-rich foods, should be consumed as an alternative to the refined carbohydrates as mentioned before.ImplementationMeal planning is put into practice, with the control of glucose as the primary goal. The nurse must consider factors before beginning to intervene such as the patients lifestyle, cultural background, activity level, and their food preferences. A suitable thermal intake allows the patient to achieve and maintain the desired body weight. The nurse would encourage thepatient to eat complete and wholesome meals including snacks that have been prescribed in the diet that the team has devised for Kevin. The nurse needs to take into consideration of the fluid intake and keeps records of IV and other fluid intake, also record urine output measurements. hypoglycaemia is the most dreaded acute difficulty in the disease of Diabetes, and can be a major factor in the hindering of the metabolic control in the body. Night-time hypoglycaemia states, more common in the paediatric side of Diabetes, places an immense worry for the child themselves but also the parents, as it more likely to go unnoticed and care for (Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J 2005). Hypoglycaemia m ay occur if the patient skips or delays meals, does not follow the prescribed meal plan, or greatly increases the amount of exercise without modifying food intake and insulin. In addition, hospitalized patients or outpatients who fast in preparation for diagnostic testing are at stake for hypoglycaemia. Juice, milk, or glucose tablets are used for treatment of hypoglycaemia. The patient is encouraged to eat full meals and snacks as prescribed in the meal plan. If hypoglycaemia is a come about problem, the whole dietary plan must be looked over and improved if needed. The risk of hypoglycaemia with rigorous insulin routines, it is of the utmost importance for the nurse to review with the patient the signs and symptoms, possible causes, and measures for prevention and treatment of hypoglycaemia. The nurse should emphasise to the patient and family the importance of having information on diabetes at home for reference.EvaluationAfter putting this plan into practice, the nurse found t hat it helped in the treatment and care of Kevin Brophy in managing and controlling his Diabetes. After following the Roper Logan and Tierney model of Nursing it helped understand his Activities of Daily sustenance and how the patient could work his new dietary plan into these ADLs and control his blood glucose to prevent hypoglycaemia. Kevin will also be able to be well-educated of and carry out duties in a way to control his diabetes mellitus and also maintain adequate fluid volume in the body. He will be able to monitor his blood glucose periodically throughout the day, administer his own insulin, increase his own fluid balance and monitor his urine output. He should introduce a participation in activities that include having a proper diet, exercise andlifestyle (Palandri, M.K. 1993). He also should be wary of and identify community, outpatient resources for obtaining further diabetes education. findingTo conclude, Kevin will need continuous assessment and advice on managing a nd controlling his Diabetes diagnosis. He will need support from his mother and also help from the multidisciplinary team that kit and boodle with him and his mother in the hospital. In following the Roper Logan and Tierney model he will then be able to manage his ADLs better and be more understanding with the condition of Diabetes. He will be able to control his dietary intake and follow a routine throughout life to deal with his diagnosis.ReferencesAggleton, P., Chalmers, H. (2000)Nursing Models and Nursing Practice. (2nd edn). London Macmillan.Lock, K., Pomerleau, J., Causer, L., Altmann, D.R. McKee, M. (2005) The global burden of disease attributable to low consumption of fruit and vegetables. Bull. World. Health. Organ. 83, 1008.Nordfeldt S, Ludvigsson J. Fear and other disturbances of severe Hypoglycaemia in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes. J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab. 2005 18 8391.Palandri, M.K. and Sorrentino, C.R. (1993). Black and Matassarin Jacobs, Pock et Companion for Luckmann and Sorensens Medical Surgical Nursing A Psychophysiologic Approach. 4th Edition. W.B. Saunders. The Diabetes Control and complications Study Group (1994) Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. J. Pediatr. 125, 177188.Waterford Regional Hospital (2006) Department of Nutrition and DieteticsWatson et. al (1997) Clinical Nursing and Related Sciences 5th edn. Bailliere Tindall, 24-28 Oval Road, London NW1 7DX.Patricia Power Sorcha Dineen Miriam Cass 20053881 Patricia Chesser Smyth Nursing in the Community Module leadership

Geometrical Optics And Its Applications

Geometrical Optics And Its ApplicationsOptics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometrical optics, or rotating shaft optics, is to oeuvre the geometry of paths of flickers and their tokenry through optical systems. Light leave be treated as a form of energy which travels in straight lines c all tolded rays. When lilting comes to be ascertained as waves, it will be seen that shadows cast by objects are not as sharp as rectili (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson) (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010)near propagation suggests due to diffraction and interference effects of wave. Thus, on that take aim is a simple assumption for geometrical optics, which is rays of light propagate along straight lines until they get reflected, refracted, or absorbed at a step up.2 Fermats rationale2.1 BackgroundFermats Principle, in like manner cognize as the principle of the shortest optical path, was introduced by Pierre de Fermat in the early seventeenth century. This principle is used to state and beg off the motion of light ray through different media, which helps to demonstrate laws of reflection and refraction later on.2.2 TheoryThe path of a light ray connecting cardinal points is the one for which the time of transit, but not the continuance, is a stripped.The time, T , for a light ray through space to travel from a point A to an another(prenominal)(a) point B can be calculated asIt is known that is velocity, which can similarly be regarded as for light, where c is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the medium. Thus, we digestThen the path taken by light should be the path that minimizes this integral, which would beTherefore, it is the fact that light will travel along paths of stationary optical path length, where the optical path length is a local maximum or minimum with respect to either small variation in the path. And many paths will take exactly the same time to travel from point A to point B. (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010)3. Reflection3.1 blood for Law of ReflectionIn general, law of reflection states that when a light ray sequent upon a reflective surface, it will be reflected with an reflective topple that exactly equal to the incident rake with respect to the normal of the surface.Law of reflection can be dervied from Fermats Principle. Assume that the medium of the light travel is homogeneous, we trainCUsersGaryDesktop.png fare path length S from A to B isBased on Fermats Principle we know that light would travel the path with minimum time. As in homogeneous medium, light travels with a constant speed and on that pointfore the minimum time path is equilvant to the minimum distance path, which can be obtained by pickings the first derivative of S with respect to x.which is sinAOC = sin BOCThus shows that AOC = BOC, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflectionNB It has to be reminded that the incident ray, the refracted r ay and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993)3.2 Specular and Diffuse ReflectionIn details, there are two eccentrics of reflection Specular reflection and shell out reflection.http//titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/ kitchen ranges/ImagesPhy106/lesson2.gifSpecular or regular reflection is said to occur when parallel rays reflect from a high smooth and flat surface. For instance, a flashlight beam is said to have specular reflection as the reflective surface is reflect which is highly smooth and it, hence, makes the reflected beams travel towards the same direction in parallel as in (a).Most object, however, reflect light diffusely and the rays in an incident parallel beam are reflected in many direction as in (b) be brace of diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is due to the surface of the object not being perfectly smooth like a reflect. In fact, low microscopic scale, the surface of most of objects, if not all, is quite rough. Although at from each one point on the surface the law of reflection is observed, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection varies from point to point. Each of the initially parallel rays, therefore, is reflected in a different direction.3.3 Mirror Concepts and its Applications3.3.1 Image Formation with MirrorsMirrors, undoubtedly, are ubiquitous in daily, especially used in reverberate and optical instruments for gathering light and forming types. Law of reflection can be applied to use in locating the reflected image graphically as long as the size, location and orientation of the object is known.3.3.1.1 Images in Plane MirrorsImages with reflects are formed when many non-parallel light beams are reflected from the mirror surface and get together to form a corresponding image point.Image formed by cream mirror is erect, virtual(prenominal), same size as the object and laterally change.CUsersGaryDesktopreflection in mirror.pngFor a point object, in Fig 3.3.1.1a, rays from the ob ject at O are reflected in all directions based on the laws of reflection so that they come in to come from a point I behind the mirror and this is where the observer imagines the image to be.For an extended object, in Fig 3.3.1.1b, the image of a point A on the object is at A, and two points are being equidistant from the mirror. Similarly, the image of point B is at B. The image size, therefore, is identical to the object seize, large-minded a magnification of unity. However, the right-hand side of the object becomes the left-hand side of the image and vice versa. The image is said to be laterally inverted.CUsersGaryDesktopmirror extended object.pngTo conclude, a planar mirror is strictly stigmatic in nature Any incident rays issued from point A gives reflected rays passing through point B symmetrically to A with regard to the plane of the mirror. B, hence, is the image of A. (Katz, 2002)3.3.1.2 Images in Curved MirrorsThere are mainly two types of spherical mirrors, acetabula r and umbel-like. Similar to planar mirror, image can be traced using the law of reflection.Unlike image formed by planar mirror, which is al agencys erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted, the image formed by a spherical mirror and its nature depend on the distance of the object from the mirror.To construct the image, we assume that small objects on the principal axes of mirrors of small aperture are being considered so that all rays are paraxial. Point images will, thus, be formed of points on the object.For concave mirrors, also known as converging mirrors because of their action on a parallel beam of light, is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface that bulges inward.The formation of image using concave mirror can be in different locations of the object can be concluded by the following figure.Concave MirrorThe nature of image using concave mirror and its applications are summarized as belowPosition of the objectPosition of the imageNature and size of the imageUseAt infinityAt the localiseReal, inverted and diminishedAs collector of radiation in solar heating devicesBeyond the centre of breaking ball amidst the focus and the centre of curvatureReal, inverted and diminishedAt the centre of curvatureAt centre of curvatureReal, inverted and same size as objectAs a reflecting mirror behind a projector lampBetween the focus and centre of curvatureBeyond the centre of curvatureReal, inverted and blown-upIn flood lightsAt focusAt infinityReal, inverted and magnifiedAs a reflecting mirror in car, head lights, search lights etc.Between the pole of the mirror and the focusAppears behind the mirrorVirtual, erect and magnifiedAs a shaving mirror or makeup mirror and dentists mirror(Katz, 2002)For convex mirrors, also known as diverging mirrors reflect the incoming parallel light beams to form divergent beams which appear to come from a point behind the mirror.Convex MirrorUnlike that in concave mirrors, the nature of image formed by con vex mirror is always virtual, diminished and erect. (Katz, 2002)3.3.2 linage of the mirror formulaMirror formula is useful when we have to calculate the image location.Using triangles 2 and 3, we have,http//scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/mimg232.gifWhile using trangles 2 and 4, we have,Where is the image distance, is the object distance, f is the focal length, is the image height and is the object heightIt should be noticed that the sign convention is to be used in mirror formula. A real object or image distance is affirmatory while a virtual object or image distance is negative. magnification of a mirror image, m, can also be calculated by3.3.3 Mirror instruments3.3.3.1 Catoptric SystemsCatoptric Systems is the system that merely consists of mirrors for the formation of image. (Board, 2012)3.3.3.1.1 Newtonian crushhttp//bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/images/newtonian.jpgNewtonian telescope is the first reflecting telescope invented by Isaac Newton in 1668. It consists of a concave primary mirror and a small flat diagonal indirect mirror.In a bid to have a stigmatic axial image, a concave mirror has to be applied to act as a primary mirror and it reflects light back up the scope axis to the secondary mirror which is titled at 45o to the axis. The secondary mirror, which is a small plane mirror, is wanderd in the path of beams reflected by the primary mirror in order to divert the rays to one side of the tube. The reason for choosing a small mirror to act as secondary mirror is to prevent the influx of light beams is blocked from reaching the primary mirror.Pros of the Newtonian telescopeCons of the Newtonian telescope little expensiveReduction of light intensity due to the blockage of central flat planeShorter focal ratio leads a wider field of locating considerably suffer from coma (i.e. an off-axis aberration)Free of chromatic aberrationSimpler fabrication(Kitchin, 2012)3.3.3.1.2 Cassegrain Telescopehttp//www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching /phy217/telescopes/cassegrain.gifCassegrain Telescope is another type of reflecting telescope employing two principal mirrors, a concave parabolic primary mirror like the Newtonians, but its secondary one is a convex hyperboloidal mirror.It makes use of the special properties of parabolic and increased reflectors. A concave parabolic reflector will reflect all incoming light rays parallel to its axis of symmetry to a single point, the focus. A convex hyperbolic reflector has two foci and will reflect all light rays say at one of its two foci towards its other focus. The mirrors in this type of telescope are designed and positioned so that they share one focus and so that the second focus of the hyperbolic mirror will be at the same point at which the image is to be observed, usually just outside the eyepiece. The parabolic mirror reflects parallel light rays entering the telescope to its focus, which is also the focus of the hyperbolic mirror. The hyperbolic mirror then reflects t hose light rays to its other focus, where the image is observed. (Waland, 1990)3.3.3.1.3 Gregorian telescopehttp//s4.hubimg.com/u/7341531_f520.jpgGregorian telescope employs concave parabolic mirror to act as both primary and secondary mirror in this reflecting telescope.The light that first enters the tube is reflected by the primary concave mirrors and directed towards the secondary mirror, which is also a concave mirror. It will reflect the rays out to the telescope through the hole in its center. Observer can therefore view the image formed on the eyepiece. (Trmper, 2010)3.3.3.2 Catadioptric SystemsCatadioptric system, on the other hand, is the system that consists of both mirrors and electron crystalline lensees for the formation of image. (Board, 2012)Catadioptric Systems will not be included in this paper.3.4 Other Applications3.4.1 optic lever and light-beam galvanometersGalvanometer is an instrument that used to measure very small electric currents. Some sensitive galvan ometers would use a beam of light in co-occurrence with a small mirror as a pointer. When there exists current flowing in the electric wire, a tiny mirror that is fixed to the musical composition of the meter will rotate. And a light beam from a fixed lamp falls on the mirror and is reflected onto a translucent scale. For a given current, the longish the pointer (i.e. the reflected beam) the greater the deflection observed on the scale. This simply applies the reflective nature of light wave. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006)http//www.daviddarling.info/images/moving-coil_galvanometer.jpg3.4.2 Red-eye effectThe Red-eye effect is a general phenomenon in photography. It occurs when the photographic flash unit place closely to the camera lens. Normally, the rationale of photo-taking is that light from the flash unit enters the eye and is reflected back to the camera lens. Nevertheless, under dark environment, pupil diameter would increase due to contraction of radial muscle fibers and relaxation of circular muscle fibers of iris under autonomic flighty system and therefore more light beams can enter into the retina of the eye. And the reflected light from the retina is red because of largely blood vessels in Choroid. It, therefore, gives the Red-eye effect in photograph.3.4.3 headlamp of Carhttphttps://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEge0o3BjSbGGZ-MV9vp94i5SeyhGDKe3SXGYpGB8oooChbw7EUteID8D8man959CbnskPBQ5SOHufDfzNDdeTIF3PtC-njNGv5ohQslnWpuXIOrnE6UcjUj8hyphenhyphenLvoJIK8RIKvmiWAZfw2rX/s1600/infiniti+headlight.jpgIt employs concave parabolic mirrors at the front of the car, which acts as reflectors in the head lights of cars, search lights etc.3.4.4 Dentists Mirrorhttp//cdn7.fotosearch.com/bthumb/FSA/FSA132/x12292469.jpgDentists Mirror applies reflection to reflect and focus light on the tooth so that dentists can be examined in detail.3.4.5 Optical Comparatorhttp//www.worldoftest.com/img/products/qv300_1.jpgOptical Comparator is an instrument that projects a magnified image or profile of a part onto a screen for comparison to a standard overlay profile or scale based on the principles of optics. The comparator, basically, is a non-contact device, which frequently used to measure, test, inspect, gauge or examine parts for compliance with specifications. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006)3.4.6 Security Convex Mirrorhttp//dgm sparkler.com/images/mirrors/security/mirror-s-3.jpgOne of the distinguish feature of convex mirror is the widely view range. Therefore, convex mirror is applied to act as a security mirror in blind junctions of roads or at corners of walls of bug buildings. The person that is glide slope from other side would be shown when the mirror is positioned properly.3.4.7 Rear-view mirror in an automobilehttp//transport-futures.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rear-view-mirror.jpgKnowing that the size of image of an object would be smaller when the object comes closer to the convex mirror, this alone(predicate) feature can be applied to use on automobiles as rear view mirrors so that the diver can clearly view an approaching vehicle.3.4.8 Submarines PeriscopeCUsersGaryDesktoprefl ecting Periscope.pngA periscope is a mirror instrument for observation from a concealed position. It works by employing two mirrors at 45o to each other, reflecting light rays from one place to another and finally out to the persons eye.4 Refraction4.1 Law of RefractionQualitatively, when a light wave, which in fact composed of oscillating Electric palm and Magnetic field, crosses from a low optically density medium, say vacuum into a high optically density medium, say glass, E-Field and B-Fields are altered in terms of magnitude and direction of travel by the charges in the glass.Law of refraction, however, can be proved mathematically as followsThe first medium is suppositional to be faster than the second medium and the speeds of propagation in 1st medium and 2nd medium are and respectively, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n1, n2 1. CUsersLenovoDropboxU life2012-13, year2, 1st semesterCCST 9042 The world of wavesSnellslaw_diagram2.pngThen, we have to evaluate the time taken by light ray from P to Q, which isBased on Fermats Principle, light travels the path with the least time. Thus, in an attempt to minimize the transit time, we set the derivative of time is zero and we haveBy trigonometry, we haveAs and, we haveThis is Law of refraction, also known as Snell-Descartes law.NB Similar to law of reflection, the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993)4.2 Total internal reflection correspond to Snells law, when a light travels from one a medium with a higher optical density, to a medium with a lower optical density, say from glass to air, it will be refracted away from the normal (i.e. Ray C in Fig 4.2a) and a weak internally reflected ray is, meanwhile, formed (i.e. Ray B in Fig 4.2a) CUsersGaryDesktop33.pngIncreasing the angle of incidence i increases the angle of refraction r, and at a certain angle of incidence c, called the life-sustaining angle, the reflected ray beam just eme rges along the surface of the glass and the angle of refraction is 90o (i.e. Ray D in Fig 4.2b).In Fig 4.2 c, as the incident angle is increased continuously above critical angle (i.e. i c), the refracted angle will be higher than 90o and sin r 1, which is impracticable and no refraction is possible. At this stage the internally reflected ray becomes bright and the refracted ray disappears. Hence, total internal reflection is now said to be occurring since all the incident light is reflected inside the optically denser medium.Mathematically, the critical angle can be found based on Snells law, which isAssume that n1 is refractive index of optically denser medium, n2 is refractive index of optically less dense medium, 1 is the critical angle of denser medium and 2 is the angle of refraction in less denser medium.all(a) in all, for Total internal reflection to happenLight must travel from denser medium to rarer medium.Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle (i.e. i c.)4.3 Thin lenseesThin lens is a lens that its axial thickness is small compared to the radii of curvature of its surfaces. (I.e. The thickness of the lens is negligible compared with the focal length of the lens)There are mainly two types of thin lenses, Converging thin lenses and Diverging thin lenses. Converging thin lenses, also known as convex lenses, direct parallel light rays bending toward one another after passing through them Diverging thin lenses, or so-called concave lenses, cause parallel light beams to spread as the leave the lens.http//t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcT6lXrPj04wfnztVlEvIlewlbzvIzhu_60Cup8oDYd840MY3w0SiOxnzxaVrQ4.3.1 Image Formed by Thin Lenses4.3.1.1 Convex Lens Ray DiagramFormation of Image by a Convex Lens endeavor is located between focus and lensThe image isVirtualErectMagnifiedobject at F12. reject is located at focusThe image isRealInvertedMagnified3. Object is located between focus and F2The image isobject between F2 F1RealInvertedMagnified 4. Object is located at F2object between O F2The image isRealInvertedSame size as the object5. Object is located beyond F2object beyond F2The image isRealInvertedDiminished6. Object is located at infinityobject infinityThe image isRealInvertedHighly diminished4.3.1.2 Concave Lens Ray Diagram1. Object is located between focus and mirrorconcave lens object F OThe image isErectVirtualDiminished2. Object is located between mirror and infinityconcave lens object infinity OThe image isErectVirtualDiminished3. Object is located at infinityconcave lens object at infinityThe image isErectVirtualDiminished4.3.2 Derivation of the lens formula for thin lensesGaussian lens formula, also known as lens formula, can be derived as followhttp//www.astarmathsandphysics.com/university_physics_notes/optics/university_physics_notes_proof_of_thin_lens_equation_html_5c3e1e20.gifAs, (1)Where O is the size of the object and I is the size of the image.Also,Thus,Combine with (1), we haveNB The Cartesian Sign C onvention for thin lens formulas are as followLight travels initially from left to right toward the lens.Object distance p is positive for real objects located to the left of the lens and negative for virtual objects located to the right of the lens.Image distance q is positive for real images formed to the right of the lens and negative for virtual images formed to the left of the lens.The focal length f is positive for a converging lens, negative for a diverging lens.The radius of curvature r is positive for a convex surface, negative for a concave surface.Transverse distances are positive above the optical axis, negative below(Katz, 2002)4.3.3 reason of a LensThe optical power of the lens is used to describe the bending ability of lens in term of power. Basically the power of a lens of focal length f is,Power, in the case, can be expressed in m-1as the unit of power is diopter1 D = 1m-1Therefore, if there exists a convex of power 1D, its focal length equals to 1 meter.4.4 Optica l instruments4.4.1 Prismshttp//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gifOptical prisms are components that commonly used in optical experimental arrangements and optical instruments, with the role of illustrating dispersion of light beams.Rather than showing the complicated mathematical proof such as derivation of minimum deviation, application of prism will be illustrated below. (Thorington, 2009)4.4.1.1 Prism BinocularsCUsersGaryDesktopprism.pngPrism Binoculars consist of a pair of refracting astronomical telescopes with two totally reflecting prisms (angles 90o, 45o, and 45o) between each target area and eyepiece. Prism A causes lateral inversion and prism B inverts verticallt so that the final image is the same way round and the same way up as the object. (Thorington, 2009)4.4.1.2 PeriscopeCUsersGaryDesktoppp.pngPeriscope, apart from using two reflecting mirror, employs two prisms. Under t he occurring of total internal reflection on the hypotenuse, the incident rays and reflected rays are symmetric with regard to a plane orthogonal to the hypotenuse. In the case of normal incidence on one side of the right angle, the incident and reflected beams are orthogonal.4.4.2 Magnifying Glasshttp//blog.timesunion.com/opinion/files/2011/02/0217_WVinternet.jpgMagnifying glass, also called Simple microscope, consist of a converging lens forming a virtual, upright, magnified image of an object placed inside its principal focus.For an object of height h is viewed at the near point by the unaided eye, the optical angle is, where D is the least distance of distinct visionhttp//www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_ angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_m367c081d.gifNow the object is placed at distance u from the lens, the optical angle subtended by its image is given by http//www.astarmathsandp hysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_f9ca6a7.gifThe angular magnification is, therefore, given by4.4.3 Compound MicroscopeCompound Microscope is a kind of optical instrument that uses visible light and a lens system to magnify images of small samples. CUsersGaryDesktopcompound micropound.pngThe lens L1 nearer to the object, called the objective, forms a real, magnified, inverted image I1 of an object O placed just outside its principal focus Fo. I1 is just inside the principal focus Fo of the second lens L2, called the eyepiece, which act as a magnifying glass and produces a magnified, virtual image I2 of I1.In normal adjustment, the final image I2 lies at the near point. Then the visual angle subtended by the final image to the eye is given byWhen the object of height h is placed at the near point and viewed unaided, the visual angle subtended by the object is given byHenc e, the angular magnification is given byAnd since, the linear magnification is equal to the linear magnification of the objective x linear magnification of the eyepiece. (Giordano, 2011)4.4.4 Refracting Astronomical TelescopeRefracting Astronomical Telescope consists of two converging lenses one is an objective with long focal length and the other an eyepiece with short focal length. The objective L1 forms a real, diminished, inverted image I1, of a distant object at its principal focus Fo since the rays incident on L1 from a point on such an object can be assumed parallel. The eyepiece L2 acts as a magnifying glass and forms a magnified, virtual image of I1 and, when the telescope is in normal adjustment, this image is at infinity. I1 must, therefore, be at the principal focus F2 of L2, hence F0 and F2 coincide.http//images.tutorvista.com/content/optics/astronomical-telescope-magnifying-power.jpegFrom the above figure, we find thatThe visual angle subtended by the object is given b y and the visual angle subtended by the object is given by, where h is the image height.Therefore, the angular magnification isFor telescope in normal adjustment, the separation of the two lenses is the sum of the focal lengths. And this, the foci of the objective lens and the eye-piece must be at the same place. (Giordano, 2011)4.4.5 Galilean Telescopehttp//www.transtutors.com/userfiles/image/ARUN/IMAGES/Gal.JPGGalilean Telescope consists of two lenses a converging objective of large focal length and a diverging eyepiece of small focal lengthThe angular magnification is5. ConclusionIn this term paper, the concepts of geometric optics are included comprehensively such as law of reflection, refraction, formation of images in mirrors and lens, etc. The view of a light ray and the scientific study of light are involved in a bid to illustrating the working principle of different mirror and optical instruments, such as various telescope, efficiently.

Analysing Leadership In The Godfather Film Studies Essay

Analysing channel In The Godfather Film Studies EssayThe Godfather is exciting as it was upon its release in marching music of 1972. The state man force playt Ill wanton away him an offer he cant refuse still resounds with recognition in the instant. Vito Corleone was a man of morals, principle and valor in a world sorely lacking in either. Vito Corleones first name means conduct, or alive, and his last means lion bone marrowed be in any bearing his own man. He has do his life providing people with things denied by opposite people, gambling, women and vindicatoryice. Throughout the film, in contrast to the morality of the usurp and the corruption of the State. In the wedding scene, we begin to see the relationship between the endure and the State when Tom Hagen tells him that a senator and some of the judges had c each(prenominal)ed to apologize for non being there, exclusively that theyve all sent gifts. And late in the film, it spoke very specifically about the State when Michael say that his father is no different than any other powerful man, any man whos responsible for other people, like a senator or a president. The break is violent still not corrupt. He cannot be bought and used violence with great restraint. He snugglees directly and honestly. In the film, wear off is the most principled man. He rejected to participate in the drug lineage since it would be wrong on moral grounds even at the risk of his own life. Family, friends and integrity are far more(prenominal) important than spotless money. The Godfather the main character is a man who is strong, brave and highly principled to defy the power of the State.(A) Provide a synopsis of the movie relating to aspects of leadership.The storylineGuests were equanimous for the wedding reception of get into Vito Corleones daughter Connie and Carlo Rizzi in 1945. Vito is k without delayn to friends and associates as Godfather. He and familys attorney and counselor, Tom Hagen are hear ing wishes for special treatment because it is usance that a Sicilian cannot refuse a request on his daughters wedding day. The Dons youngest son Michael an adorned Marine war hero seeked to tell his girl Kay Adams about his family especially his fathers criminal life sentence he assures her that he is not like his family.Among the guests at the celebration is the famous singer grayback Fontaine, Corleones godson, who has come to draw in for Vitos help in landing a movie contribution that will rejuvenate his declining career. Jack Woltz the head of the studio, refuses to give Fontaine the part and Hagen is sent to California to bring to the problem only when Woltz told him that he will neer cast Fontaine in the role because Fontaine had ruined a starlet that was special to Woltz. Woltz changed his mind anyway when he wakes up early the next morning, pulled back the sheets and finds the s invariablyed head of his prized $600,000 horse, Khartoum.When Hagen returns, the family meets with Virgil Sollozzo who is backed by Tattaglia, the rival family. Don Corleone was asked to finance and give political and legal protection for the signification and distribution of heroin. Corleone refused even though he could accept a huge profit. The Dons eldest son, cuss breaks ranks during the meeting. Don Corleone was angry at young carnivores disagreement in a non-family members presence, secretly reprimanded him later.Later, Don Corleone was shot down in a shooting. Tom Hagen was abducted and they used him to persuade and offer Sonny the deal offered to his father earlier. Sonny refused to estimate over it and issued a challenge or a war would break. They refused and instead sent Sonny Luca Brasis bulletproof vest as a sign that they had polish off him.Michael visited his father at a small private infirmary. He was shocked to discover that no one was watching over him. He then realised that his father was yet again being sight up to be capital punishmented h e called Sonny for assistance re move the Don to another room, and went to retain the entrance from outside. Michael engaged help from Enzo the bread maker who came to the hospital to pay his respects. Together, they managed to deceive Sollozzos men. Police cars appeared bringing the dishonest Captain McCluskey. Captain McCluskey broke Michaels jaw when Michael indirectly tell that Sollozzo paid McCluskey to despatch the Don. Hagen then arrived to protect Don Corleone and took Michael residence. Sonny retaliated by cleanup spot Bruno Tattaglia, his son and the under-boss of Don Phillip Tattaglia.Ensuing to the attempt at the hospital on the Dons life, Sollozzo requested a meeting with the Corleones. Michael volunteered to pop out both men during the meeting but the rest of the family members found it amusing but Michael persuaded them that he was expert in the violent deathings which he feels was in the familys interest. Michael argued that McCluskey was corrupt and had ille gal dealings with Sollozzo hence he should be killed as well.Prior to the congregation in an Italian restaurant, McCluskey look into for weapons on Michael and he was clean. Michael went to the bathroom, took out a revolver and gravely shot Sollozzo then McCluskey. Michael ran and hid in Sicily.Sonny beat Carlo Rizzi for attacking the Connie who was pregnant. He threatened to kill Carlo if he battered her again. Carlo responded and plotted with Tattaglia and Don Emilio Barzini to kill Sonny. In order to ensnare Sonny, Carlo thrashed Connie again. Sonny in an enraged state drove off whole to hunt his threat. He was ambushed on the way at a toll booth and shot to death in his car.In New York City, Don Corleone returned place from the hospital and was distraught to learn that Michael had killed both Sollozzo and McCluskey and that Sonny was dead. Don Corleone met with the heads of the other rival Families to bargain a ceasefire and not seek revenge for Sonnys killing. Ending the deviation was the only way to bring Michael home safely. Revenge would only drain their assets which will then threaten their survival. Vito, changing his mind on the previous conclusion, concur that the Corleone family would provide political protection for the Tattaglias heroin trafficking as long as it was controlled and not sold to children. Don Corleone could figure out at the meeting that it was Don Barzini and not Tattaglia who was actually behind the gang war and Sonnys death.Michael waited patiently in Sicily for his exile to end whilst being defend by an old family friend. Michael wandered the countryside aimlessly unitedly with the bodyguards, Carlo and Fabrizio. Michael met and fell in love with Apollonia Vitelli, the beautiful daughter of a bar owner in the village. They got matrimonial but Corleones enemies were soon aware of Michaels presence. Apollonia was killed as the meet was about to be shifted to a safer place when their car was bombed Michael barely got away alive but uneven Fabrizio leaving the grounds hastily seconds prior to the magnification hence incriminating him in the murder plot.Michael returned home when his safety was guaranteed. A year later, he met up with his former girlfriend Kay after four historic period. He proposed to her and Kay accepted although she was hurt that it took him so long to contact her. With the Don semi-retired, Sonny dead and the middle buddy Fredo deemed incompetent to run the family business, Michael was put in charge. He promised Kay he would legitimize the family business completely in the next five years.Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio are the Corleone Familys two captains who complained that they were being shoved around by the Barzini Family and asked for consent to cancel back but Michael rejected the appeal. He planned to shift the familys operations to Nevada and soon after Clemenza and Tessio may sever and form their own families. Michael promised Connies husband, Carlo, that he would be his senior man in Nevada. Tom Hagen was removed and became the familys lawyer only with Vito serving as the consigliere. Hagen complained about his status change and questioned Michael on the spick-and-span demand of soldiers being secretly built under Rocco Lampone but Don Vito explained that Michael was being rede by him.Michael met with the casino boss Moe Greene in Las Vegas. Michael was rejected rudely when he offered to fix over Greene. He believed the Corleones were fragile and that he could obtain a better pact from Barzini. Fredo sided with Moe when Moe and Michael were negotiating intensely. Later, Michael cautioned Fredo to never again go against the family.When Michael returned home, Vito told him his expectation that the Familys enemies would attempt to execute Michael by using a trusted link to collaborate a meeting on a ploy for assassination. Vito never meant for Michael to lead a life of crime and hoped that his youngest son would hold a lawful powe r as a government officer. Soon after, Vito crumpled and died in his tomato garden whilst compete with his grandson Anthony. Tessio suggested meeting with Barzini at the burial which made Tessio as the defector that Vito was anticipating.Michael organized a series of murders objet dart he became the godfather to Connie and Carlos newborn son at the church service to happen at the very(prenominal) time. Don Stracci shot down together with his men in a lift. Moe Greene was shot in the eye by an unsung assassin while being massaged. Don Cuneo shot dead by Willi Cicci while trapped in a revolving door and Don Tattaglia murdered in his bed by Rocco Lampone and an anonymous associate. Don Barzini was shot along with his bodyguard and driver, by Al Neri, disguised in his old constabulary uniform.After the baptism, Tessio prospect he was on the way with Hagen to the meeting between Michael and Barzini which he had arranged. He was however circled by Willi Cicci and other hired men i nstead as Hagen moved away. Tessio realized that Michael had discovered his treachery. He told Hagen that he had always revered Michael, and that his disloyalty was for business only. He asked Tom to release him for old times sake, but Tom could not do so. In the mean time, Michael faced Carlo about Sonnys murder and compelled him to admit his involvement in the ambush. Michael assured Carlo he would not be killed, but excluded from all family business. He gave Carlo a plane ticket to banish himself to Las Vegas. Nonetheless, he was killed on Michaels orders by Clemenza, while getting into the car which was headed for the airport.A frantic Connie confronted Michael and charge him of killing Carlo. Kay questioned Michael about Connies charge but he declined to respond, telling her again never to question about his business. She persisted and Michael lied assuring her that he did not know and has no part in Carlos death. Kay believed him and was felt relieved. Clemenza and the new ca ptains Rocco Lampone and Al Neri pay their respects to Michael. Clemenza bowed to Michael greeted him as Don Corleone. Michael became the new Godfather.Who is or are the leader/s in the movieVito Corleone, Sonny Corleone, Michael CorleoneThe leader/s role in the movieNegotiating, Discussing, Delegating and Instructing(B) Explain the context for each incident relating to leadership aspects in the synopsis.Incidents within the movie involving the leader/s(1) Don Corleone telling Johnny Fontaine that he would help him to be the star in the movie by go Jack Woltz something that he cant refuse. Leadership in solving problems.(2) Sollozzo had asked Don Corleone to finance and give political and legal protection for the distribution of heroin but Corleone refused even if he could make huge profits saying that his political influence would be in jeopardy by a moving into the narcotics business. Leadership in being responsible to ensure the safety of others.(3) When Sonny who had earlier ad vocated the family to enter the drug trade broke ranks during the meeting, his father, angry at Sonnys rebellion in a non-family members presence, reprimanded him privately later. Leadership in solving matters/rebuking subordinates not in front of external parties.(4) Michael visited his dad at the hospital and became suspicious when there was no one guarding the Don. He realized that there was yet another murder being set up and he called Sonny for help and removed the Don to another room. Michael enlisted aid from Enzo the baker who had gone(p) to the hospital to give his respects. Together, they managed to deceive the killers. Leadership in recognizing a property and deciding to solve them.(5) Upon the an assassination attempt on Don Corleone at the hospital, Sonny retaliated by killing Bruno Tattaglia, son and the under-boss of Don Phillip Tattaglia. Leadership in taking the responsibility to solve the problems themselves.(6) When Don Corleone came home from the hospital found out that Michael had killed both Sollozzo and McCluskey and Sonnys death, Don Corleone met with the heads of the rival families to confer a ceasefire instead of seeking revenge for Sonnys killing. Ending the conflict was the only way to bring Michael home safely. Revenge would exhaust their assets and threaten their survival. Vito agreed that the Corleone family would provide political protection for the Tattaglias heroin trafficking as long as it was restricted and not sold to children. Leadership in recognizing and finding an amic competent way to solve the problems.(7) Sonny severely beat Carlo Rizzi for viciously attacking the pregnant Connie, and threatened to kill him if he ever battered her again. Leadership in taking the lead and meting out the punishment.Incidents and the leader/s interaction within the context of the movie(1) Johnny Fontaine, Corleones godson came from Hollywood to lobby Vitos help in getting a movie role to revive his failing career. Jack Woltz, refused to give Fontaine the part. Don Corleone t Hagen to wrangle with Woltz and assured Fontaine he would get the role.(2) Don Corleone was asked to finance and give political legal protection for distributing heroin. Even with a huge profit to be made, Corleone refused.(3) Sonny who had urged the family to enter the drug trade broke ranks during the meeting between Sollozzo and the Corleone Family. The Don, angry at Sonnys disagreement in a non-family members presence, secretly admonished him later.(4) Michael asked for help from Enzo the baker who had gone to the hospital to give his respects. Together, they managed to deceive Sollozzos men. Hagen then arrived with guns to protect Don Corleone and took Michael home. Sonny retaliated by killing Bruno, the son and Don Phillip Tattaglia(5) Michael wanted to kill both men during the meeting and he persuaded them that he was serious on the killings.(6) McCluskey searched Michael for weapons before the meeting in an Italian restaurant, and did not find any weapons. Michael excused himself to go to the bathroom where he got back a revolver and upon coming to the t able-bodied, seriously shot and killed Sollozzo followed by McCluskey.(7) Sonny beat Carlo Rizzi for viciously attacking the Connie, and told him he would kill him if he ever mistreated her again. Angry Carlo then plotted with Tattaglia and Don Emilio Barzini, the Corleones head rivals, to kill Sonny. Carlo thrashed Connie again in order to trap Sonny. In an angry state, Sonny drove off alone to execute his warning. He was ensnared on the way at a toll booth and shot to death in his car.(8) Don Corleone met with the heads of the rival families to discuss on a ceasefire and not seek revenge for Sonnys killing. Ending the conflict was the only way to bring Michael home safely.(9) The Don is now semi-retired, Sonny dead and brother Fredo deemed incompetent to run the family business, Michael was put in charge. He promised Kay he would legitimize the family busin ess completely within five years.(10) Michael promised Carlo that he would be his lead man in Nevada. Hagen was removed as the consigliere and became the familys lawyer only with Vito serving as the consigliere.(11) Vito Corleone explained to Hagen that Michael was being guided by him.(12) Fredo sided with Moe during the intense negotiation. Michael cautioned Fredo never to bump off sides with anyone other than the family again.(13) Vito told Michael that he expected the Familys enemies would try to kill Michael by using a link to collaborate a meeting on a pretext for murder.(14) Michael organized a series of murders while attending the baptism of Connie and Carlos newly born son at the church to happen at the same time. Don Stracci shot down together with his men in a lift by Clemenza. Moe Greene shot through the eye by an unidentified assassin while being massaged. Don Cuneo shot dead by Willi Cicci while trapped in a revolving door and Don Tattaglia murdered in his bed along by Rocco Lampone and an anonymous associate. Don Barzini shot along with his bodyguard and driver by Al Neri in his old police uniform.(15) Michael faced Carlo about Sonnys murder and compelled him to admit his involvement in the ambush. Michael assured Carlo he would not be killed but excluded from all the familys businesses. He gave Carlo a plane ticket to banish himself to Las Vegas.(16) Connie confronted Michael and accused him of killing Carlo. Kay questioned Michael about Connies charge but he declined to respond, telling her again never to query him about the business. She persisted and Michael lied assuring her that he played no role in Carlos death. Kay understood him and was relieved.Know your leader/s carriage and characteristics Leadership is behavior of an individual when he is directing the activities of a group towards a shared goal. A leader is someone who sets direction in an effort to influence people to follow that direction.(C) Describe and discuss why the leaders hip behavior was effective or ineffectiveLeadership behaviors like labor oriented relations oriented participative leadership(1) Sonny could keep things as they were but he was unable to make certain situation better. He was not able to make wise decision and always acted rashly. For example when his sister was attacked for the second time. He did not think things through and rushed off alone. As a result, he got himself killed. Sonny was not innovative. He needed someone else to make decision for him and for him to carry things out. He was able to sustain but could not improve them. (Ineffective)(2) Vito Corleone possessed the traits of a leader which were effective. He made decisions which he thinks is the best for the family unheeding if the others are not in agreement with him. As a leader, he showed that he was thinking of the long term future. For example when he refused to cooperate with Tattaglia on the heroin trafficking. He was thinking of the familys future ethics and values. (Effective)(3) Michael made the proposal to kill the police chief and head rival. He put the police chiefs motives in the newspaper to control the damage. He removed Hagen as the familys chief advisor since Hagen was always protesting against the way Michael made his decisions. (Effective)Change agent capabilities(1) Sonny was not able to grasp changes and improve them. He could manage to make wise decisions and needed others to decide for him. He could only sustain whatever was at hand. Sonny was more of a manager who could maintain things.(2) Vito Corleone was a leader who would adopt changes for the family even if the others are not in sync with his decisions. He has the leadership traits in him to lead the family well into the future. He forethought what would be in the best interest for the family in the next ten years rather than short term.(3) Michael many changes and ideas to make the Familys business legal in five years as he promised Kay before he married her. He proposed on the new idea to kill the corrupt police chief who was working with the familys rival even though others were amused by his suggestion. He removed Hagen from the advisor role when Hagen was always criticizing and wondering(a) his new ideas.Able to support, able to develop new ideas and recognizing achievement(1) Sonnys style of leadership was ineffective because even though he was able to support new ideas, he was not able to develop the ideas to make them better. He could not make wise decision for the family. He did not think situations thoroughly and would just rush off when there was family crisis. He was not inventive and did not have a thought process of a leader. He could achieve when decisions were made for him. He would exclude other people or matters involved when tackling the problems or issues. He could sustain the situations or conditions but could not improve or make the better.(2) Vito Corleone style of leadership was effective because he could adopt and a dapt to new changes or ideas. He was not a person who would just maintain a situation. He would create new improvements in order to achieve his goals. When he was asked by Tattaglia to help in the drug trafficking business, he refused even though he knew it would be benefit the Family greatly. He envisioned the future and hence rejected to cooperate in the business. Even when Sonny rebuked and sided with the other party, he tolerated the outburst but stayed true to his decision. He showed his leadership in adopting changes well after the killings and death of Sonny from his earlier refusal to assist. Upon his hospitalization and many attempts to assassinate him, he relinquished his role as the Don and became an advisor to Michael in the running and leading of the Familys business. He was ethical and declined to get involved in unnecessary killings especially when the younger generations are concerned.(3) Michael Corleones style of leadership was effective because he was working towa rds improving the familys business and do it better. He promised Kay he would legitimize the business in five years and he tried hard to ensure that it happened. He made the proposal to kill the police chief and head rival and later spread the police chiefs actual motives in the newspapers as a measure to control the damage. Hagen who was a great manager of the familys business could not understand Michaels new ideas and thoughts protested. In reception to Hagens actions, Michael relegated his advisor position in the family to just family lawyer disrespect Hagens complains. Michael was able to achieve his goals working with subordinates who are willing to cooperate and follow his lead. He was able to lead and manage the family to greater success and made himself renown and respected by his rivals.(D) Identify and explain at least two different incidents involving the same leader(s). If the incidents involve two individuals or a group making a decision, leadership behavior by the different individuals can be identified.Executive thickset of the two different selected incidentsIn the opening scene when a funeral director explained to Don Corleone about the men who had beaten and mutilated his daughter got deferred sentences and how the State buffed him the evaluator which he thought he deserved. He went to see Don Corleone seeking fairness and initially had wanted to ask Corleone to kill them but the Don said out that would not be justified because the daughter was still alive. Bonasera tried to bribe him with money but Corleone was above that. The only price to him for supplying arbitrator was friendship because some day, he would call upon Bonasera to do a service for him. He refused to do murder for money for Bonasera because that would not be justice.(2) The Don was not corrupt but violent. Even though he bought politicians, he himself could not be bought. He used violence but he is not evil. He refused to acquiesce to the State. He used this violence with restraint. The same thing happened with the movie director. The Don first offered friendship to do some specific services that is making his godson as the star in his new movie but the director refused reasons and in the end woke up with a dead horses head in his bed. The Dons approach was direct and honest. He was the most principled man in the film. He refused to kill in the Bonaseras case because that would not be fair and he declined to take part in Sollozzos drug business, because that would be wrong. He told Sollozzo that drugs were a dirty business. It did not make any difference to him what people do for a living but the drug business is dangerous.Making decision within team, group and individual setting(1) The family met with Virgil Sollozzo who asked Don Corleone for financing, political and legal backings in importing and distributing the heroin. Corleone refused despite knowing the huge profit that could be made explaining that his political pressure would be compro mised by going into the drug trade. The Dons eldest son Sonny, who had earlier support the family to enter the drugs trade, broke ranks in the meeting and queried Sollozzos assurances and guarantees as to the Corleone Familys investment by the Tattaglia Family. Don Corleone was angry at Sonnys opposition in a non-family members presence, reproached him later in private. Don Corleone then sent Luca Brasi to penetrate Sollozzos organization and revert with information. Brasi was stabbed in the hand and subsequently garroted by an assassin.(2) Michael went to visit his father at the private hospital. He was alarmed to find out that no one was watching over him. He then realized that his father was yet again being set up to be murdered hence he called Sonny for assistance removed the Don to another room, and went to observe the entrance from outside. Michael engaged help from Enzo the baker who had gone to the hospital to give his respects. Together, they managed to deceive Sollozzos me n. Police cars appeared bringing the corrupt Captain McCluskey. Captain McCluskey hit and broke Michaels jaw when Michael implied that Sollozzo paid McCluskey to net Vito Corleone. Hagen arrived with certify guns to protect Don Corleone and took Michael home. In retaliation, Sonny killed Bruno Tattaglia, son and the under-boss of Don Phillip Tattaglia.Charismatic and transformational roles(1) Vito Corleones first name meant life, and his last name meant a man with a lions heart and who was in every way his own person. He said to his son Michael in the film, I refused to be a fool dancing on a rope held by all those people and he has made his life providing people with things that those people had deprived them of among them gambling, women and justice.(2) Michael waited patiently in Sicily for his exile to end whilst protected by an old family friend. Michael roamed the countryside aimlessly together with the bodyguards, Carlo and Fabrizio Michael fell in love with Apollonia Vitell i, the beautiful daughter of a bar owner in the small village. They got married but Corleones enemies were soon aware of Michaels presence. Apollonia was killed as the couple was about to be shifted to a safer place when their car was bombed Michael barely got away alive but spotted Fabrizio leaving the grounds hastily seconds prior to the explosion hence incriminating him in the murder plot.Michael returned home when his safety was guaranteed. A year later, he met up with his former girlfriend Kay. He wanted to marry her and Kay accepted his proposal although it took him so long to contact her. The Don who was semi-retired Sonny dead and the middle brother Fredo deemed incompetent to run the family business, Michael was put in charge. He promised Kay he would legitimize the family business completely in the next five years.Peter Clemenza and Salvatore Tessio, the Corleone Familys captains were not quick-witted being shoved around by the Barzini Family and asked for consent to stri ke back but Michael rejected the appeal. He planned to shift the familys operations to Nevada and soon after Clemenza and Tessio may sever and form their own families. Michael promised Connies husband, Carlo, that he would be his lead man in Nevada. Hagen was removed as the consigliere and became the familys lawyer only with Vito serving as the consigliere. In private, Hagen complained about his status change and questioned Michael on the new command of defense force being secretly cultivated under Rocco Lampone. Don Vito explained that Michael was being advised by him.Michael met with the Moe Greene in Las Vegas. Michael was rejected rudely when he offered to take over the casino. Greene believed the Corleones were fragile and that he could obtain a better pact from Barzini. Fredo sided with Moe when Moe and Michael were negotiating intensely. Later, Michael cautioned Fredo to never anyone against the family ever again.When Michael came home, Vito explained that the familys enemies would endeavor to execute Michael by using a trusted link to collaborate a meeting on a ruse for assassination. Vito also said that he had never meant for Michael to lead a life of crime and hoped that his youngest son would hold a legitimate government office. Soon after, Vito crumpled and died in his tomato garden. Michael then arranged for a sequence of murders to take place at the same time while he was attending Connie and Carlos newborn sons baptism at the church.critically analyze each of the two or more incidents and consider other options the leader (s) could have considered and made (30%)Participative leadership, delegation and empowerment(1) Sonny could have delegated the task of killing or teaching his sisters to his men instead of rushing off alone to handle the crisis. His death caused the family to be in a worse situation then before.(2) Michael could have been taken seriously by the other family members when he suggested killing the police chief and head rival. He s hould have participated earlier in the familys activities and not only after his father had assassination attempts made upon him. It could have saved Sonnys life if Michael was around to make decisions. Don Corleone should have foreseen Michaels capabilities and empower him to take the lead in the family.Power and influenceVito Corleone was a strong man sufficiently brave and principled enough to stand up to challenge the power of the State. The type of man we all wished to be and emulate. Vito Corleones family, friends and integrity were far more important than money.Managerial traits and skillsSonny was not able to make wise decisions for his family. He has no clear thought process. For example when his sister was attacked by the husband for the second time, he just rushed off during the crisis. He was a more a manager where he carried out decisions made by others. He could not make anything better because he was not innovative enough to do so.Leading changeMichael did not want to get involved in the Familys activities and happy to be a civilian. However when his father, Don Corleone was threatened and had many assassination attempts made on him, his brother Sonny killed and his elder brother deemed incompetent to lead, he had no choice but to take over the realm with Don Corleone as his advisor. He promised Kay before he married her that he would make the business legitimate in five yearsHe planned to shift the familys operations to Nevada and soon after Clemenza and Tessio may sever and form their own families. Michael promised to make Connies husband his right lead man in Nevada. Hagen was removed and became the familys lawyer only with Vito serving as the consigliere. Hagen complained about his status change and questioned Michael on the new command of defense force. Don Vito explained to Hagen that Michael was being counseled by him.Michael met with the casin

Importance of Art Education in Primary Schools

Importance of Art Education in Primary SchoolsArt is the quality, production, expression, or realm, according to aesthetic principles, of what is beautiful, appealing, or of to a greater extent than ordinary significance. It is excessively the class of objects subject to aesthetic criteria works of fine craft collectively, as paintings, sculptures, or drawings.There may be a a few(prenominal) variations in the precise naming of the activities it is generally accepted that the triumvirate of creating, performing and appreciating dance as a conceptual basis underlies all phases of dance education. (Davies, 2003)Why be the arts important to young children?The role of the ocular arts in early childhood education has long been recognised and valued as an internal component of the curriculum. (Eckhoff, Angela, 2011) The arts consist of variation of appreciation. The different forms art such as dance, drawing and painting, performance art, sculpturing and many more. Art need to be include in the schools curriculum and encompass the knowledge of the arts education to the children. Art appreciation can be inculcate to children at young age. Knowing and sense of the arts may also help children to express themselves in different creative art forms in which they are comfortable in.Art nurtures the child to be inventiveness as it engages the child in a process that helps in the development of self-esteem, self-discipline, cooperation, and self-motivation. Childrens self-esteem will improve as there is not mature or wrong in self creative creation. In this way, childrens are able to complete task with self-discipline and longer patience in complementary an art piece regardless whether it is an drawing and painting piece or a dance and medicinal drug piece. Working cooperatively will also be enhanced childrens patience such as dancing together with music and other children to produce a wonderful piece of musical. Most importantly children require to be self-moti vated to attain the interest in arts.At times while working with each other to produce an art piece also needs problem solving, contributing ideas and respecting each other. Each child will have to communicate in a variety ways to express their thoughts and produce the art piece they want it to be.The belief that art education should encourage the childs creativity, imagination, and expression did not mean that all previous pedagogies were replaced. (Jolley, 2010) Imagination helps children with expression in dancing and also helped in language to find the correct vocabulary to describe their expression. Childs creativity should not be obstructed or corrected by the adults or educators. Updated pedagogies helps to improve and also work on the previous believes.Forms of artIn terms of aesthetic and creative education, dance has much to share with drama, music and the opthalmic arts. (Davies, 2003) Dancing is an activity that needs time to work on and gain wide experience. It needs to work with choreographing of actions and music together by trying come to the fore and composing the art piece.Performing can be taken to mean to do, to show, to dance, creating as making, trying out, or composing, while appreciation is the outcome of watching, viewing, talking about and drawing about dance. (Davis, 2003) It may be an expressive dance in a drama which could be a class activity having children to have a discussion with their ideas and suggestions on how the characters should dance, facial expression , choosing the piece of music to express the mood of the scene and moving along with the music. Children would have trials and errors along the way in the making and appreciating in every part of the dance drama they have created. In terms of dancing consist of being a creator or securer, a viewer or spectator or as a doer or performer. (Davies, 2003)Certain movement ideas frequently used by in informal situations seem to belong together and can be utilised in danc e. (Davis 2003) Educators on their part, they can facilitate the students by guiding exploring different ideas of movement such as running and leaping, turning and twisting, moving and stopping suddenly. Children will be able to choose the right movement they would want to include into their dance. Educators may also guide children choosing the instrument they would like to use for the movement using different sounds. For example, the sound of the fast ringing bells can be the movement of running. some other form of art is drawing. Drawing from observation still represents a key component of statutory art education for children aged 5 to 14 long time of age. (Jolley 2010 ) Drawing involves imagination and creativity and expression. Drawing helps children to express their thoughts with different kinds of lines and shapes.Observation also plays an important part in drawing. For example, children may feel a wheat of flower or the movements of the grass when the wind blows and draw th e expression of what they have observed using different lines. For example, curvy lines, straight lines and zig-zag lines. Once children are allowed to make representational drawings, rather than mere line and shape, they are often directed towards forms of subject matter such as cubes, cones, prisms, and so on, whether copies from pictures of three-dimensional models. (Jolley,2010) Children may also move to a higher level to explore drawing representational drawings with their imagination.Educators may guide children by introducing the drawing of different lines such as plane line, vertical line, wavy line and spiral line. Students will then apply what they have learnt in their drawings. Students will also need to be given opportunities to observe the environment around them , space for creativity and imagination.Children are then taught to draw more controlled lines. (Jolley, 2010)Teachers go for PD?It will be beneficial for educators to undergo preparedness attaining higher lev el certificate may also attend a more intensive and substantial art modules. In this way, it will equip the educators with more knowledge and understanding of art education. Educators will have better skills to guide the students and facilitate the child to explore the choices or methods he could use to express his art piece.School management may also encourage their educators to attend professional development to be equipped with updated skills and pedagogies. Student will not be world-weary with structured ways of teaching art and lessons are more enjoyable for students to learn.Arts education in the curriculum planning.According to the Ministry Of Education, Singapore, Kindergarten Curriculum Guide (KCG), aesthetics and creative expression is being part of integrated learning in the holistic development of the child. In the school planning, it has to include the childrens experiences in visual arts, music and movement allow children to be expressive, creative and imaginative. ( Kindergarten Curriculum Guide, 2008) Therefore, it is essential to plan the schools curriculum according to the framework and arts will not be left wing out.In the schools curriculum, children are also taught to learn appreciation of visual arts and musical instruments. Children will be given chance to discuss about their cause art works such as describing the lines , colours and shapes used. (Kindergarten Curriculum Guide) Children will also be given opportunity to appreciate, learn and explore the different sounds make by the instruments.ConclusionArt is important in young childrens education as it is one of the ways to help children to express themselves through different impart such as dance, drama and visual arts. Children need not to be afraid making mistakes as art promotes creativity, imagination and expressions.It is also essential to have arts education in the school, so as to have educators to guide the students and giving then opportunities to explore different kinds o f art such as visual arts, drama and music and movement.

Ironic Circumstances in Greasy Lake by T.C. Boyle Essay -- Greasy Lake

Ironic Circumstances in Greasy Lake by T.C. Boyle Sudden and Ironic events that die to the vote counter in T.C. Boyles short story Greasy Lake are the same type of events that in an instant will change a somebody forever. The ironic circumstances that the fabricator in Greasy Lake finds himself in are the same circumstances that young people find themselves in when fighting war. The point of view of the world that the narrator has, completely alters as certain events take place throughout the story. His outlook on temper transforms into a wholly different rack as the story progresses. As his tale begins, the narrator sees himself as a tough guy or bad character. He believes he is invincible. at that place is nobody as cool as he is or as dangerous as him and his friends are. With his followers, the narrator goes to Greasy Lake, he takes in the nature that surrounds him. He thinks of himself to be a kid who knows everything. To him, the lake represents a night of misbe havior and partying. The unhealthy, treacherous atmosphere of Greasy Lake is alluring, fun, and exciting to someone as threatening as he is. We went up to the lake because everyone went there, because we wanted to snuff the rich sent of possibility on the breeze, watch a girl take off her clothes and plunge into the expel murk, drink beer, smoke pot, howl at the stars, savor the incongruous full-throated roar of rock and roll against the primeval susurrus of frogs and crickets. This was nature. This quote gives a clear idea of what the narrators perception of what not simply nature is, but of what the world is. He lives to have fun. He is fearless and lives for the moment. All that life is to him is sex, drugs, and rock and roll. His observations of surrounding nature changes after a few ironic incidents occur. The role he plays reverses itself and he finds that he is merely a affright child who is lost and alone in a big scary world. While at Greasy Lake, he is involved in a terrible fight where he almost kills another(prenominal) person, and attempts the heinous crime of rape onto an innocent girl. As he begins to gang rape an innocent victim he is forced to run for his own synthetic rubber when more people show up at the scene. Ironically, within minutes he converts from being the bad guy, forcing himself on an unwilling victim, to becoming a scared kid hiding in the woods from attackers. While... ...but scared children who are alone and lost in the world, the kids who fought battle in Vietnam went to war thinking they knew all of the answers and someplace in the middle of it all they realized that they are scared kids who dont understand what is going on the world around them. They wish only to be in the safety of their mothers home. Everything in the story symbolizes and relates to the truth in war, attitude and actions that cause war are the same that take place with the characters inGreasy lake. The changes that the narrator goes through at Greasy lake are similar changes that happened in young kids who fought in the Vietnam War. The sequence of events that take place at Greasy Lake cause the narrator to grow up and see reality for the first time in his life. The young nineteen year olds who fought in Vietnam went through the same metamorphose as the narrator in Greasy Lake did, War is started by plain stupidity and you figure it out when its too late and there is nothing that suffer be done to change your actions. The characters in Greasy lake are allegorically young men who fought war, their actions and feelings grasp and relate to the actions and feelings of war.

Complexities of Love Exposed in Amy Tans The Joy Luck Club :: Joy Luck Club Essays

The Complexities of Love Exposed in The Joy Luck hostelry   In the novel The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan, the ignorance, the disregard of, and the necessity of recognize are all reveled as the characters tell their life stories and memories. The characters in the novel take love for granted. By ignoring love, concentrating more on material possessions, and hiding their true identities, the characters dont realize loves importance.   One character that takes love for granted is Harold, Lena St. Clairs husband. This occurs when Lena leans everyplace to him in their car and states I love you. He responds by asking Lena a question about his car, which seems to be more important to him than his relationship with her. Harold does not realize the importance of love. He only thinks about material possessions. Since Harold does not bumping his true nature, he reveals that he has a lack of love for himself as an individual. The love you have for yourself is a necessity in life becau se it raises self-respect if one respects oneself, one will respect and love others.   The story of Lindo Jong provides sixth sense into the concept of revealing your true nature. To keep everything inside as does Lindo Jong, provides for not being able to experience love to its fullest. Lindo Jong hides under a red trade union scarf in attempt to shield herself from the outside world. Her hiding under the scarf demonstrates that to be able to love, you must be able to first reveal your true nature. Ying-Ying St. Clair stands as an example of the desire to remain hidden as she says, All these years I kept my true nature hidden, running on like a small shadow so nobody could catch me. The image of the shadow relates directly to the red marriage scarf. They both attempt to provide the concealment of their true natures, because the result of revealing your true self may be that of pain.   The importance of love goes unnoticed as the characters take love for granted and ex pect it to naturally come to them. The ceasing of taking love for granted does occur later and has its results and consequences. The characters realize that they are taking love for granted when they see meaningless and uncomfortable, and stop doing so by either ending the relationship or confronting the problem.